Introduction

In this article, we are going to see why inheriting the default Spring Data findAll method in every data access Repository is a terrible Anti-Pattern.

A picture is worth 1000 words:

You’d be surprised how many times I’ve seen this issue where tons of data was fetched from the DB just to filter it in Java and throw away the vast majority of records that were not needed for that particular business requirement.

Anti-Pattern

First, let’s start with the Anti-Pattern definition, as given by Wikipedia:

An anti-pattern in software engineering, project management, and business processes is a common response to a recurring problem that is usually ineffective and risks being highly counterproductive.

That’s exactly what you get when you offer a findAll method in the Spring Data Repository base interface that all Data Access Objects will automatically inherit.

The Spring Data Repository hierarchy

Usually, when you create a Spring Data JPA Repository, your custom interface extends the JpaRepository:

@Repository
public interface PostRepository 
        extends JpaRepository<Post, Long> {
        
}

However, the JpaRepository provides a series of methods that it either declared directly or inherited from the underlying base interfaces, as illustrated by the following diagram:

Even if the JpaReository didn’t provide a findAll method explicitly, it would still inherit one from the CrudRepository that’s shared by all Spring Data modules.

The Spring Data findAll Anti-Pattern

The problem with the findAll method is that, as an API designer, you should not really offer your clients a way to fetch an entire database table because, if you do, some developers are actually going to do that, even for large database tables.

Let’s assume we have the following Post and Tag entities in our system:

List<Tag> tags = List.of(
    new Tag()
        .setId(1L)
        .setName("JDBC"),
    new Tag()
        .setId(2L)
        .setName("JPA"),
    new Tag()
        .setId(3L)
        .setName("Hibernate")
);

tags.forEach(tag -> entityManager.persist(tag));

for (long i = 1; i <= POST_SIZE; i++) {
    entityManager.persist(
        new Post()
            .setId(i)
            .setTitle(
                String.format(
                    "High-Performance Java Persistence, Part %d",
                    i
                )
            )
            .addTag(tags.get((int) i % 3))
    );
}

We want to get the titles of all the JDBC or Hibernate posts, so how can we do that?

The easiest way is, of course, to use a single SQL query that looks as follows:

public List<String> findPostTitleByTags(List<String> tags) {
    return entityManager.createNativeQuery("""
        select p.title
        from post p
        where exists (
            select 1
            from post_tag pt 
            join tag t on pt.tag_id = t.id and pt.post_id = p.id
            where t.name in (:tags)
        )
        order by p.id
        """)
    .setParameter("tags", tags)
    .getResultList();
}

But, not every Java developer enjoys solving this problem using a simple SQL query. Some of them will do whatever is humanly possible to avoid writing any SQL query.

And, since we are just one findAll method call away from “solving” this issue, it won’t take long until someone provides the following solution:

List<String> postTitlesStreamRecords = postRepository.findAll()
    .stream()
    .filter(
        post -> post.getTags()
                    .stream()
                    .map(Tag::getName)
                    .anyMatch(matchingTags::contains)
    )
    .sorted(Comparator.comparing(Post::getId))
    .map(Post::getTitle)
    .collect(Collectors.toList());

When executing the findAll workaround, Hibernate will execute the following queries:

Query:["select post0_.id as id1_1_, post0_.title as title2_1_ from post post0_"], Params:[()]

Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(1)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(2)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(3)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(4)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(5)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(6)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(7)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(8)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(9)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(10)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(11)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(12)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(13)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(14)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(15)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(16)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(17)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(18)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(19)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(20)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(21)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(22)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(23)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(24)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(25)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(26)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(27)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(28)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(29)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(30)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(31)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(32)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(33)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(34)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(35)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(36)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(37)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(38)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(39)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(40)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(41)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(42)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(43)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(44)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(45)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(46)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(47)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(48)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(49)]
Query:["select tags0_.post_id as post_id1_4_0_, tags0_.tag_id as tag_id2_4_0_, tag1_.id as id1_5_1_, tag1_.name as name2_5_1_ from post_tag tags0_ inner join tag tag1_ on tags0_.tag_id=tag1_.id where tags0_.post_id=?"], Params:[(50)]

Not nice!

The reason why you see so many secondary queries is due to filter predicate that needs to fetch the tags collection in order to match the provided tags.

So, is calling findAll always going to be an issue? Of course, not! However, just because you might have a few tables that have a small number of records, most of the time, a table will have enough records to incur a noticeable overhead if you fetched the entire table just to do the filtering in the application.

It’s all about probabilities. So, before allowing the findAll method to be inherited automatically by all your data access layer Repository instances, you should answer the following questions:

• What is the probability that, if you provide a findAll method, everybody in your team is going to reason about whether it’s efficient to call it or not?
• What if we don’t know at development time how large the tables will end up being three years after the product is launched into production?
• Are all the code changes reviewed by peers to ensure that no one will call findAll and filter it into memory without considering the table size in production?
• Are you automating those checks using a tool like Hypersistence Optimizer that can auto-detect when you are misusing JPA or Hibernate?

If you cannot be sure about the future outcome of allowing a potentially dangerous method to be misused, then it’s a safer bet to avoid inheriting it by default in every single Repository class.

Preventing the Spring Data fetchAll Anti-Pattern

If you don’t want to inherit the findAll method by default, one very simple option is to use the HibernateRepository from the Hypersistence Utils project, which chooses to deprecate the findAll method.

More, if you happen to call it by mistake, HibernateRepository will throw an UnsupportedOperationException instead of risking allowing you to fetch more data than necessary.

To use the HibernateRepository, just make your Repository classes extend it before the default JpaRepository, as in the following example:

@Repository
public interface PostRepository extends 
    HibernateRepository<Post>,
    JpaRepository<Post, Long>, CustomPostRepository {

}

The HibernateRepository needs to precede the JpaRepository as otherwise, IntelliJ IDEA will not strike through the findAll method call.

We also have to provide the io.hypersistence.utils.spring.repository package to the @EnableJpaRepositories annotation:

@EnableJpaRepositories(
     basePackages = {       
         "io.hypersistence.utils.spring.repository",
         ...
     }
)

This way, you will instantly see that the findAll method is a risky bet since it’s struck through now:

However, if you know for sure that for specific use cases, it’s fine to have a findAll method, then you can simply override it as follows:

@Repository
public interface PostRepository extends HibernateRepository<Post>,
    JpaRepository<Post, Long>, CustomPostRepository {

    @Query("from Post")
    @Override
    List<Post> findAll();
}

This way, you make your data access code explicit. By providing a findAll declaration, you make it clear that you are really going to need it. And this way, you will never call findAll on an entity that has many records since you made an informed decision when you decided to add an explicit findAll method definition.

For more details about the HibernateRepository, check out this article.

Preventing the Spring Data fetchAll Anti-Pattern using a custom Repository

Another alternative is to define a new base interface by extending the Repository interface instead of the JpaRepository and declaring explicitly which methods are allowed to be inherited by your custom repositories:

public interface BaseJpaRepository<T, ID> extends Repository<T, ID> {

    Optional<T> findById(ID id);

    T getReferenceById(ID id);
    
    boolean existsById(ID id);
    
    void deleteById(ID id);

    void delete(T entity);
    
    long count();
}

And, the entities that have a large number of records can now define their specific Repository interface by extending the BaseJpaRepository:

@Repository
public interface PostRepository 
    extends BaseJpaRepository<Post, Long>, CustomPostRepository {
}

And, the entities with a small number of records, like the Country entity, can extend the default Spring Data JpaRepository:

@Repository
public interface CountryRepository 
    extends JpaRepository<Country, Short> {
}

As simple as that!

Both the HibernateRepository and the BaseJpaRepository options will allow you to prevent using the findAll method on entities that have lots of records in their associated database table.

For entities that have few records, you can still use findAll as you have the option of choosing between the default JpaRepository and the BaseJpaRepository or HibernateRepository. This way, you can have fine-grained control when the findAll method is allowed to be called.

The Hibernate implicit polymorphic query Anti-Pattern

The findAll Anti-Pattern reminds me of a lesser-known “feature” of Hibernate that allows you to select the entire database with a single query:

//Don't try this at home!

List<Object> objects = entityManager.createQuery("""
    select o 
    from java.lang.Object o
    """)
.getResultList();

The reason why this query works is because of the implicit polymorphic query feature offered by Hibernate. The reason why you haven’t seen this Anti-Pattern used in practice is that the Hibernate developers didn’t think it was a good idea to encourage fetching the entire database at once, so they omitted it from the documentation.

Internally, Hibernate team actually used such a query during testing:

protected void cleanupTestData() {
    doInHibernate(this::sessionFactory, session -> {
        session.createQuery(
            "delete from java.lang.Object"
        ).executeUpdate();
    });
}

But, since this was limited to the Hibernate integration tests, there was no problem using such a dangerous query. And, what’s interesting is that not all Hibernate tests used it. Some of Hibernate integration tests were simply dropping and recreating the DB schema in between tests, so there was no point in deleting all records.

I'm running an online workshop on the 20-21 and 23-24 of November about High-Performance Java Persistence.

If you enjoyed this article, I bet you are going to love my Book and Video Courses as well.

Conclusion

Going back to the definition of an Anti-Pattern:

An anti-pattern is a common response to a recurring problem that is usually ineffective and risks being highly counterproductive.

We can conclude that the findAll method is ineffective and risks being highly counterproductive, and if you offer it by default, then it risks becoming a common response to a recurring problem.

So, for this reason, you are better off avoiding having a findAll method in every single data access Repository instance. Better get back in control over your API and decide for yourself when you really need to have such a method.

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