JPA identifier generators

JPA defines the following identifier strategies:

In my previous post I exampled the pros and cons of all these surrogate identifier strategies.

Identifier optimizers

While there’s not much application-side IDENTITY generator optimization (other than configuring database identity preallocation), the sequence identifiers offer much more flexibility in this regard. One of the most common optimization strategy is based on the hi/lo allocation algorithm.

For this Hibernate offers:

JPA to Hibernate identifier mapping

Having such an abundant generator offer, we cannot help asking which of those is being used as the default JPA generators.

While the JPA specification doesn’t imply any particular optimization, Hibernate will prefer an optimized generator over one that always hit the database for every new identifier.

The JPA SequenceGenerator

We’ll define one entity configured with the SEQUENCE JPA identifier generator. A unit test is going to persist five such entities.

@Entity(name = "sequenceIdentifier")
public static class SequenceIdentifier {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(generator = "sequence", strategy=GenerationType.SEQUENCE)
    @SequenceGenerator(name = "sequence", allocationSize = 10)
    private Long id;
}

@Test
public void testSequenceIdentifierGenerator() {
    LOGGER.debug("testSequenceIdentifierGenerator");
    doInTransaction(new TransactionCallable<Void>() {
        @Override
        public Void execute(Session session) {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                session.persist(new SequenceIdentifier());
            }
            session.flush();
            return null;
        }
    });
}

Running this test we’ll give us the following output

Query:{[call next value for hibernate_sequence][]} 
Generated identifier: 10, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.SequenceHiLoGenerator
Generated identifier: 11, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.SequenceHiLoGenerator
Generated identifier: 12, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.SequenceHiLoGenerator
Generated identifier: 13, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.SequenceHiLoGenerator
Generated identifier: 14, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.SequenceHiLoGenerator
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][10]} 
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][11]} 
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][12]} 
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][13]} 
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][14]} 

Hibernate chooses to use the legacy SequenceHiLoGenerator for backward compatibility with all those applications that were developed prior to releasing the enhanced generators. Migrating a legacy application to the new generators is not an easy process, so the enhanced generators are a better alternative for new applications instead.

Hibernate prefers using the “seqhilo” generator by default, which is not an intuitive assumption since many might expect the raw “sequence” generator (always calling the database sequence for every new identifier value).

To enable the enhanced generators we need to set the following Hibernate property:

properties.put("hibernate.id.new_generator_mappings", "true");

Giveing us the following output:

Query:{[call next value for hibernate_sequence][]} 
Query:{[call next value for hibernate_sequence][]} 
Generated identifier: 1, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.SequenceStyleGenerator
Generated identifier: 2, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.SequenceStyleGenerator
Generated identifier: 3, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.SequenceStyleGenerator
Generated identifier: 4, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.SequenceStyleGenerator
Generated identifier: 5, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.SequenceStyleGenerator
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][1]} 
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][2]} 
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][3]} 
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][4]} 
Query:{[insert into sequenceIdentifier (id) values (?)][5]} 

The new SequenceStyleGenerator generates other identifier values than the legacy SequenceHiLoGenerator. The reason why the update statements differ between the old and the new generators is because the new generators default optimizer strategy is “pooled” while the old generators can only use the “hi/lo” strategy.

The JPA TableGenerator

@Entity(name = "tableIdentifier")
public static class TableSequenceIdentifier {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(generator = "table", strategy=GenerationType.TABLE)
    @TableGenerator(name = "table", allocationSize = 10)
    private Long id;
}

Running the following test:

@Test
public void testTableSequenceIdentifierGenerator() {
    LOGGER.debug("testTableSequenceIdentifierGenerator");
    doInTransaction(new TransactionCallable<Void>() {
        @Override
        public Void execute(Session session) {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                session.persist(new TableSequenceIdentifier());
            }
            session.flush();
            return null;
        }
    });
}

Generates the following SQL statement output:

Query:{[select sequence_next_hi_value from hibernate_sequences where sequence_name = 'tableIdentifier' for update][]} 
Query:{[insert into hibernate_sequences(sequence_name, sequence_next_hi_value) values('tableIdentifier', ?)][0]} 
Query:{[update hibernate_sequences set sequence_next_hi_value = ? where sequence_next_hi_value = ? and sequence_name = 'tableIdentifier'][1,0]} 
Generated identifier: 1, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.MultipleHiLoPerTableGenerator
Generated identifier: 2, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.MultipleHiLoPerTableGenerator
Generated identifier: 3, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.MultipleHiLoPerTableGenerator
Generated identifier: 4, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.MultipleHiLoPerTableGenerator
Generated identifier: 5, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.MultipleHiLoPerTableGenerator
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][1]} 
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][2]} 
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][3]} 
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][4]} 
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][5]}

As with the previous SEQUENCE example, Hibernate uses the MultipleHiLoPerTableGenerator to maintain the backward compatibility.

Switching to the enhanced id generators:

properties.put("hibernate.id.new_generator_mappings", "true");

Give us the following output:

Query:{[select tbl.next_val from hibernate_sequences tbl where tbl.sequence_name=? for update][tableIdentifier]} 
Query:{[insert into hibernate_sequences (sequence_name, next_val)  values (?,?)][tableIdentifier,1]} 
Query:{[update hibernate_sequences set next_val=?  where next_val=? and sequence_name=?][11,1,tableIdentifier]} 
Query:{[select tbl.next_val from hibernate_sequences tbl where tbl.sequence_name=? for update][tableIdentifier]} 
Query:{[update hibernate_sequences set next_val=?  where next_val=? and sequence_name=?][21,11,tableIdentifier]} 
Generated identifier: 1, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.TableGenerator
Generated identifier: 2, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.TableGenerator
Generated identifier: 3, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.TableGenerator
Generated identifier: 4, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.TableGenerator
Generated identifier: 5, using strategy: org.hibernate.id.enhanced.TableGenerator
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][1]} 
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][2]} 
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][3]} 
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][4]} 
Query:{[insert into tableIdentifier (id) values (?)][5]} 

If you enjoyed this article, I bet you are going to love my Book and Video Courses as well.

Conclusion

You can see that the new enhanced TableGenerator was used this time.

For more about these optimization strategies you can read the original release note.

Code available on GitHub.