Introduction One of my Twitter followers asked me if there is any documentation for bootstrapping JPA programmatically so that we can replace the persistence.xml configuration file with a Java configuration: Previously, I wrote an article about bootstrapping Hibernate without the persistence.xml, but that solution was based on the Hibernate-specific EntityManagerFactoryBuilderImpl. In this article, I’m going to give you a solution that works with any JPA provider since it’s based on standard Java Persistence API.