Introduction

In this article, we are going to see how to map the PostgreSQL range column types with JPA and Hibernate.

Luckily, you don’t have to implement a custom Hibernate type for the PostgreSQL range column type since the Hypersistence Utils project already provides support for it.

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Range column types

PostgreSQL supports multiple range types:

• int4range – Stores a range of integer values
• int8range – Stores a range of bigint (e.g. java.util.Long) values
• numrange – Stores a range of numeric (e.g. java.util.BigDecimal) values
• daterange – Stores a range of timestamp (e.g. java.time.LocalDate) values
• tsrange – Stores a range of timestamp (e.g. java.time.LocalDateTime) values
• tstzrange – Stores a range of timestamp with timezone (e.g. java.time.ZonedDateTime) values

To represent ranges of values that can have open or closed lower and upper boundaries, we can use the Range class coming with the Hypersistence Utils project.

Range Hibernate Type

When mapping a Hibernate custom Type you have two options:

• you can implement the UserType interface
• you can extend the AbstractSingleColumnStandardBasicType

Using the former strategy, the PostgreSQLRangeType looks as follows:

public class PostgreSQLRangeType extends ImmutableType<Range> {

    public PostgreSQLRangeType() {
        super(Range.class);
    }

    @Override
    public int[] sqlTypes() {
        return new int[]{Types.OTHER};
    }

    @Override
    protected Range get(
            ResultSet rs, 
            String[] names, 
            SharedSessionContractImplementor session, 
            Object owner) 
        throws SQLException {
        
        Object pgObject = rs.getObject(names[0]);
        
        String type = ReflectionUtils.invokeGetter(
            pgObject, 
            "type"
        );
        
        String value = ReflectionUtils.invokeGetter(
            pgObject, 
            "value"
        );

        switch (type) {
            case "int4range":
                return Range.integerRange(value);
            case "int8range":
                return Range.longRange(value);
            case "numrange":
                return Range.bigDecimalRange(value);
            case "tsrange":
                return Range.localDateTimeRange(value);
            case "tstzrange":
                return Range.zonedDateTimeRange(value);
            case "daterange":
                return Range.localDateRange(value);
            default:
                throw new IllegalStateException(
                    "The range type [" + type + "] is not supported!"
                );
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void set(
            PreparedStatement st, 
            Range range, 
            int index, 
            SharedSessionContractImplementor session) 
        throws SQLException {

        if (range == null) {
            st.setNull(index, Types.OTHER);
        } else {
            Object holder = ReflectionUtils.newInstance(
                "org.postgresql.util.PGobject"
            );

            ReflectionUtils.invokeSetter(
                holder, 
                "type", 
                determineRangeType(range)
            );
            
            ReflectionUtils.invokeSetter(
                holder, 
                "value", 
                range.asString()
            );

            st.setObject(index, holder);
        }
    }

    private static String determineRangeType(Range<?> range) {
        Class<?> clazz = range.getClazz();

        if (clazz.equals(Integer.class)) {
            return "int4range";
        } else if (clazz.equals(Long.class)) {
            return "int8range";
        } else if (clazz.equals(BigDecimal.class)) {
            return "numrange";
        } else if (clazz.equals(LocalDateTime.class)) {
            return "tsrange";
        } else if (clazz.equals(ZonedDateTime.class)) {
            return "tstzrange";
        } else if (clazz.equals(LocalDate.class)) {
            return "daterange";
        }

        throw new IllegalStateException(
            "The class [" + clazz.getName() + "] is not supported!"
        );
    }
}

If you want to implement a custom Hibernate type by implementing the UserType interface, it’s much easier if you just extend the ImmutableType offered by the Hypersistence Utils project.

For more details, check out this article.

Maven dependency

As already mentioned, you don’t need to create the Range or the PostgreSQLRangeType classes. You can get them via the Hypersistence Utils Maven dependency:

<dependency>
    <groupId>io.hypersistence</groupId>
    <artifactId>hypersistence-utils-hibernate-55</artifactId>
    <version>${hypersistence-utils.version}</version>
</dependency>

If you’re using an older version of Hibernate, go to the Hypersistence Utils GitHub repository and find the matching dependency for your current Hibernate version.

Domain Model

Let’s assume we are developing a bookstore application, and the book table contains several range columns.

For Hibernate 6, the mapping will look as follows:

@Entity(name = "Book")
@Table(name = "book")
public class Book {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;

    @NaturalId
    private String isbn;

    private String title;

    @Type(PostgreSQLRangeType.class)
    @Column(
        name = "price_cent_range", 
        columnDefinition = "numrange"
    )
    private Range<BigDecimal> priceRange;

    @Type(PostgreSQLRangeType.class)
    @Column(
        name = "discount_date_range", 
        columnDefinition = "daterange"
    )
    private Range<LocalDate> discountDateRange;
}

And for Hibernate 5, like this:

@Entity(name = "Book")
@Table(name = "book")
@TypeDef(typeClass = PostgreSQLRangeType.class, defaultForType = Range.class)
public class Book {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;

    @NaturalId
    private String isbn;

    private String title;

    @Column(
        name = "price_cent_range", 
        columnDefinition = "numrange"
    )
    private Range<BigDecimal> priceRange;

    @Column(
        name = "discount_date_range", 
        columnDefinition = "daterange"
    )
    private Range<LocalDate> discountDateRange;
}

Notice the use of the @TypeDef annotation which tells Hibernate to use the PostgreSQLRangeType Hibernate Type for handling the Range entity properties.

The isbn property is marked with the @NaturalId Hibernate-specific annotation which allows us to retrieve the Book entity via its natural identifier. For more details about using natural identifiers, check out this article.

used for the which is very useful for mapping business keys.

Testing time

Now, when persisting the following two Book entities:

Book book = new Book();
book.setIsbn("978-9730228236");
book.setTitle("High-Performance Java Persistence");
book.setPriceRange(
    Range.closed(
        BigDecimal.valueOf(39.95d),
        BigDecimal.valueOf(45.95d)
    )
);
book.setDiscountDateRange(
    Range.closedOpen(
        LocalDate.of(2019, 11, 29),
        LocalDate.of(2019, 12, 3)
    )
);

entityManager.persist(book);

Hibernate generates the following SQL INSERT statements:

INSERT INTO book (
    discount_date_range, 
    isbn, 
    price_cent_range, 
    title, 
    id
)
VALUES (
    '[2019-11-29,2019-12-03)',
    '978-9730228236',
    '[39.95,45.95]',
    'High-Performance Java Persistence',
    1
)

When fetching the previously persisted Book entity, we can see that the range properties are properly retrieved from the underlying database columns:

Book book = entityManager
.unwrap(Session.class)
.bySimpleNaturalId(Book.class)
.load("978-9730228236");

assertEquals(
    BigDecimal.valueOf(39.95d), 
    book.getPriceRange().lower()
);

assertEquals(
    BigDecimal.valueOf(45.95d), 
    book.getPriceRange().upper()
);

assertEquals(
    LocalDate.of(2019, 11, 29), 
    book.getDiscountDateRange().lower()
);

assertEquals(
    LocalDate.of(2019, 12, 3), 
    book.getDiscountDateRange().upper()
);

What’s nice about using the range column types is that we can use range-specific operators like the @> one, which verifies if the provided value is contained in the range interval:

List<Book> discountedBooks = entityManager.createNativeQuery("""
    SELECT *
    FROM book b
    WHERE
       b.discount_date_range @> CAST(:today AS date) = true
    """, Book.class)
.setParameter("today", LocalDate.of(2019, 12, 1))
.getResultList();

assertTrue(
    discountedBooks.stream().anyMatch(
        book -> book.getTitle().equals("High-Performance Java Persistence")
    )
);

Cool, right?

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Conclusion

Mapping non-standard database column types is quite straightforward with Hibernate. However, with the help of the Hypersistence Utils project, you don’t even have to write all these types.

Just add the Maven dependency to your project pom.xml configuration file, and provide the @Type annotation to the entity in question, and start mapping JSON, ARRAY, PostgreSQL Enum or Inet addresses.

Insert details about how the information is going to be processed

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