Introduction

Hibernate shifts the developer mindset from SQL statements to entity state transitions. Once an entity is actively managed by Hibernate, all changes are going to be automatically propagated to the database.

Manipulating domain model entities (along with their associations) is much easier than writing and maintaining SQL statements. Without an ORM tool, adding a new column requires modifying all associated INSERT/UPDATE statements.

But Hibernate is no silver bullet either. Hibernate doesn’t free us from ever worrying about the actual executed SQL statements. Controlling Hibernate is not as straightforward as one might think and it’s mandatory to check all SQL statements Hibernate executes on our behalf.

The entity states

As I previously mentioned, Hibernate monitors currently attached entities. But for an entity to become managed, it must be in the right entity state.

First we must define all entity states:

• New (Transient)

  A newly created object that hasn’t ever been associated with a Hibernate Session (a.k.a Persistence Context) and is not mapped to any database table row is considered to be in the New (Transient) state.

  To become persisted we need to either explicitly call the EntityManager#persist method or make use of the transitive persistence mechanism.

• Persistent (Managed)

  A persistent entity has been associated with a database table row and it’s being managed by the current running Persistence Context. Any change made to such entity is going to be detected and propagated to the database (during the Session flush-time). With Hibernate, we no longer have to execute INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements. Hibernate employs a transactional write-behind working style and changes are synchronized at the very last responsible moment, during the current Session flush-time.

• Detached

  Once the current running Persistence Context is closed all the previously managed entities become detached. Successive changes will no longer be tracked and no automatic database synchronization is going to happen.

  To associate a detached entity to an active Hibernate Session, you can choose one of the following options:

  • Reattaching

    Hibernate (but not JPA 2.1) supports reattaching through the Session#update method.

    A Hibernate Session can only associate one Entity object for a given database row. This is because the Persistence Context acts as an in-memory cache (first level cache) and only one value (entity) is associated to a given key (entity type and database identifier).

    An entity can be reattached only if there is no other JVM object (matching the same database row) already associated to the current Hibernate Session.

  • Merging

    The merge operaration is going to copy the detached entity state (source) to a managed entity instance (destination). If the merging entity has no equivalent in the current Session, one will be fetched from the database.

    The detached object instance will continue to remain detached even after the merge operation.

• Removed

  Although JPA demands that managed entities only are allowed to be removed, Hibernate can also delete detached entities (but only through a Session#delete method call).

  A removed entity is only scheduled for deletion and the actual database DELETE statement will be executed during Session flush-time.

Entity state transitions

To change the JPA entity state state, we need to use one of the following EntityManager methods:

While Hibernate Session interface extends the JPA EntityManager, it also provides several specific methods that can be used to change the entity state, as illustrated by the following diagram:

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Conclusion

These interfaces define the entity state transition operations we must explicitly call to notify Hibernate of the entity state change. At flush-time the entity state transition is materialized into a database DML statement.

For more about how to use persist and merge effectively, you should read this article as well.

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